Sabtu, 18 Juni 2011

Cold weather events to persist as planet warms




Current projections estimate that the globe will be about 2-5°C (3.6-9°F) warmer by the end of the century, depending on future emissions of greenhouse gases. It's sometimes assumed that climate changeimplies a smooth, linear march up the thermometer, with each season slightly warmer than that of the previous year, without exception. Seen this way, any abnormal cold snap would appear to falsify the predictions of climate science. Obviously, that's a simplistic view of the climate, so what do climate models really project the future to be like? A recent paper published in Geophysical Research Letters takes a look at how cold weather events are expected to change in a warming climate.

Climate projections are based on models that incorporate every bit of physics and chemistry we are able connect to Earth's climate, and they do the difficult work of calculating everything out for each grid cell on the planet at each time interval. A number of research groups (such as NASA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research) develop their own models, so the average of multiple models is often used to generate more robust projections, like those published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The authors of this recent paper used nine of those models to compare cold events during the last decade of the 21st century with those of the last decade of the 20th century, based on a middle-of-the-road greenhouse emissions scenario (IPCC scenario A1B).

The team characterizes "extreme cold events" for each year in three ways: intensity, duration, and frequency. Intensity is calculated as the lowest 3-day average of maximum daily temperatures. Duration is defined as the greatest number of consecutive days that dip below freezing each year. Frequency is simply the total number of days that reach freezing temperatures in that year.

Model projections for the years 2091-2100 were compared to the average annual intensity, duration, and frequency for the decade of 1991-2000, and the researchers counted the number of times (for each individual grid cell) that a year exceeded that 1991-2000 average.

In the end, they find that while the frequency of cold events decreases everywhere, the duration and intensity of cold events in the future don't look that much different from the present. Roughly half the globe experiences at least one year in the 2090s with cold events more intense than the 1991-2000 average, and portions of the planet (particularly North America and Europe) go through events of greater duration. The exact details of the number of years or land area affected have a pretty wide spread among the models, so the authors focus on a more general conclusion: we'll still need to be prepared to deal with cold weather events even as we focus on mitigating the effects of warming.

This is a good example of the complexity of the climate system. Climate warming is ultimately measured by global mean annual temperature. At smaller spatial and temporal scales, there is bound to be variation—weather is a dynamic thing. The relevant message from the paper is this: the same models that project a warming planet also project the continuation of regional extreme cold weather events.

Jumat, 17 Juni 2011

How to Clean Your TV, Computer, or Laptop Screen


Much like anything in your home, TV screens get dirty with fingerprints and dust and require a periodic cleaning. Keeping your TV screen clean is essential for ensuring a clear picture, and getting the longest life from your display.

Cleaning the front of your TV is not something that should be left for the cleaning lady. The use of certain cleaning products and solvents can damage the front of your TV screen. Special care must be taken in order to make sure that your TV screen is cleaned properly.
Every kind of TV has different steps for proper cleaning. If you are unsure what kind of TV you own, consult your TV user's manual to ensure that you are using the right cleaning method.

How To Clean a Direct-View CRT TV

Older direct view TV's are typically best cleaned with simple glass cleaner and a paper towel. I'd recommend avoiding harsher-commercial glass cleaners with ammonia and instead opt for a regular-strength streak-free formula. 
To apply, make sure that the TV is turned off. Spray glass cleaner on the paper towel (don't soak it completely); NEVER spray glass cleaner directly on the front of the tube as some may drip down small cracks between the class and plastic housing. Wipe the glass with the paper towel continuously until fingerprints and streaks are removed.
Some direct-view CRT TVs, particularly higher end models sold from the late '90s to the mid 2000s, may contain any special coatings like an anti-glare coating that could be stripped by some forms of glass cleaner. These screens are usually spotted by examing the reflection from a light source in the room; if the reflection's color appears tinted green or purple, then some form of anit-reflective coating has been applied. While mild glass cleaners not containing ammonia should be safe for most forms of anti-reflective coatings, an alternative would be to use a soft, lint-free towel dampened with distilled water or a specifically formulated screen cleaning product, see below for recommendations.

How to Clean a CRT, DLP, or LCD Rear-Projection TV

Before you can begin cleaning, you need to determine if your rear-projection TV does or does not have a screen shield installed. A screen shield is a hard plastic cover over the front of the actual screen itself. Nearly all LCD and DLP rear-projection displays will have a shield, however many CRT rear-projection TVs will not. A screen shield will usally be easy to identify, looking like a reflective piece of plastic on top of the screen. If the surface is unreflective and "flat" looking, then no shield is present. If you can't tell, give the front of the TV a light tap, and if your finger doesn't touch the screen you have a shield. Another way to tell is to check for ridges in the screen area; if you can feel ridges on the screen, then you do not have a screen shield.
To clean a TV with a screen shield, a dry, lint-free cloth will often take care of any fingerprints and dust on the shield surface. If additional cleaning power is required, slightly dampen the cloth with water and clean the entire screen surface.NEVER use a paper product, like a paper towel, which can leave tiny scratches all over the surface. Als, do not use a chemical cleaner on the screen shiled itself. Screen shields can have a tendency to streak while cleaning if using a . If this happens, try to use distilled water instead of tap water, or use a dry cloth to buff the screen in a small circular motions.   
Rear projection TVs without a screen shield require very delicate cleaning practices. I highly recommend using a specialized projection TV cleaning product to clean a rear projection screen. In the past, I've always used Mitsubishi's Screen Cleaner part number CLEANER-VSS from their service department if it's still available. If not, contact a few shops in your area and ask what cleaner they use and if you can purchase from them.
You can use a distilled warm water to clean the screen as a worst cast, but make sure you clean the entire surface evenly without putting too much pressure on the screen. Follow up with a dry cloth right away to dry.
I do not recommend cleaning CRT lenses or internal mirrors yourself. Contact a qualified technician to clean these parts, if necessary.

How to Clean Plasma TVs

  Plasma TV screens are safe to clean with a lint-free or microfiber cloth. A slightly damp cloth with a very tiny amount of liquid dish soap (not detergent) can clean just about any amount of grime from the front of the TV. When finished, dry the front of the screen to remove any streaks if necessary.
NEVER use heavy cleaning agents with abrasives, which can strip special coatings and heavily scratch the screen's surface. Also, do not use paper products, like paper towels, which can also scratch the front of the TV.

Even though standard household items can be used, I highly recommend picking up a specialized screen cleaning product for flat screen displays, like the ones listed below. They're not expensive, and one bottle generally lasts a very long time.

How to Clean LCD Flat Panel Displays and Televisions

How you clean LCD displays, like rear-projection TVs above, will depend on whether or not the LCD display contains a matte or glossy finish.
To clean LCD screens with glossy fronts, it's generally okay to follow the same directions as cleaning Plasma TVs. See above. 
LCD displays with a matte finish can easily be stained or damaged with improper cleaning methods. For starters, I recommend using only a specialized flat screen cleaning product and a microfiber cloth like listed below. Dry cloths never seem to get the fingerprints off adequately, and it's just too easy to stain or streak the screen with other methods. When cleaning, do not press hard on the screen during cleaning. Doing so could cause damage to the display itself. Do not use any cleaning solvents, such as glass cleaner or soaps, to clean the LCD screen. Also avoid paper products, which could scratch the front of the screen.
If you have a pet or child who rubbed something on the screen that you feel could stain or damage it if cleaning was attempted, contact your local TV or computer service center (for laptops and monitors) for assistance.

How to Clean Projection Screens

While I could give some general guidelines that outline some basic, and usually safe, cleaning steps, there are so many different screen manufacturers and screen types (like PVC, acrylic, glass coated, etc) that I recommend you get specific instructions from your screen's manufactuerer. 
If you know your screen's manufacturer (like Da-Lite or Stewart Filmscreen), you should be able to find cleaning instructions specific to the type of screen you have on their website. If you do not know your manufacturer, Screen Innovations has a decent guide with instructions for various types of screens. You can see it here.

How to Clean TV Cabinets and Cassis

When dusting a TV or display's exterior, dust with a damp cloth or a diluted liquid dish soap solution (a drop or two should be sufficient). Paper products can scratch the surface of high-gloss cabinets, so avoid paper products in general, instead opting for a microfiber or lint-free cloth. Heavy cleaners can strip the finish off of TV cabinets over time.
When cleaning cloth speaker grilles, dust with a dry cloth, compressed air, or vacuum cleaner ONLY. Wet cleaners could stain or damage the grille cloth.

Recommended Tools for Your Cleaning Arsenal

Below are some cleaning products I recommend for cleaning various displays. Reference the cleaning instructions above to see which product is used for specific displays.
Cloths and Dusters
  • Flour Sack Towel - available at Bed, Bath, and Beyond. Great for gently cleaning and drying various display types, exterior cabintets, and does a great job drying dishes, too!
  • Microfiber Cloth - available everywhere. There are lots of microfiber cloth products available. I personally use a generic version they sell at a local hardware store, and I tend to prefer the microfiber suede over the shinier microfiber glass wipes, but either will do. 
  • Paper Towels - Good 'ol paper towels. Safe on old glass tubes and some exterior components. Just be careful not to scratch delicate surfaces!
  • Compressed Air - Very handy for dusting tight areas, remote controls, speaker grilles, and in cracks. I always recommend having a bottle around.
Wet Cleaning products
  • Distilled or De-ionized Water - available at your supermarket or drug store. Good for cleaning with less streaks and no residue left behind. It's cheap.
  • Ultra Dawn Original - When a mild soap is necessary, for exterior cabinets or screens safe to clean with mild soap, I typically recommend Ultra Dawn original. About a drop for every 2 cups of water should be sufficient for most cleaning tasks. Never apply dish soap directly to a screen or cloth without diluting it.
Specialized Cleaning Kits
  • Klear Screen - They've got a wide variety of kits for specialized applications, although the basic Klear Screen kit is what I use on just about everything... and it comes with microfiber cloths. 
  • Monster ScreenClean - It's one of the few Monster products I'd actually recommend. I've used this one many times, and it really does a fantastic job. The Dual Pack is a pretty good deal, and will also work on just about everything.
  • Mitsubishi CLEANER-VSS - If you can still get it through Mitsubishi, I highly recommend this for lenticular rear projection screens.

Cheat Rumble Racing (Nascar Rumble PS2)


input code in the cheat menu:

LEAITEPUC---Blue Devil
UBTCKSTOH---Buckshot
P1PROC1PU---Cataclysm
TLACOBTLA---Cobalt
ILQTEC3PU---Direwolf
Q2PROC2YT---Escargot
BSUIGASUM---Gamecus
HGIROLREL---High Roller
CDAAPTNIA---Interceptor
ILETEC1MB---Jolly Roger
ILCTEC2VB---Malice
KCEROCTEK---Redneck Rocket
PTOATRTOI---Revolution
AEPPROPUC---Road Kill
ABOGOBOGA---Road Trip Car
OPSRTISUC---Sporticus
AMHBRAAMH---Stinger
THTORHROT---Thor
VTYANIYTT---Van Itty
1AREXT1AR---Vortex
NALDSHHSD---XXS Tomcat

Rock Climbing Safety Tips


There are many ways to get safety when climbing.

Get safe when you Rock!

  1. Leave a message or inform someone that you are going to "Rock Climbing"
  2. Know the Rock Climbing Techniques
  3. Prepare the emergency kit
  4. Check and prepare your Rock Climbing Essential Equipment Gear
  5. Check and prepare your Rock Climbing Safety Gear
  6. Use long rope
  7. Respect about the Mountain Environment

Those are tips for safety when carrying out rock climbing.

When climbers opt to climb without a rope, they lose the luxury of learning from mistakes. Backyard inventor Matt Maddaloni has engineered a few creative solutions to make the fringe activity of free soloing "safe". Of course, safe is a relative term.

Learn about adventure sports and see more wild footage at Fringe Elements central on NG Adventure: ngadventure.com/fringe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vRXXCSm8Vo
Safety Climbing

Find Wedding Jewelry Perfect Place to Go Shopping


Find Wedding Jewelry Perfect Place to Go Shopping - we always search about wedding jewelry or may be engagement jewelry to make our love will love forever. Then we go shop to buy something spesial for her or him. Anything about wedding must be very exciting for the people who are going to celebrate it. This is a very great and unforgettable moment for everybody to start their new life with the people that they love. Therefore, to start this very start, they need something different, not just an ordinary wedding. Some people would like to have wedding antique engagement rings or other unique things in their wedding and even their pre wedding. For some people, who can afford to pay more money, their extraordinary wedding would be fabulous and well-organized by a wedding organizer. Moreover, they would order a pair of rings from a famous store.

If you are one of those people who want to have antique style engagement rings for your wedding and have no clue where to go to get them. You have to certainly go to online shopping such as Antique Jewelry Mall. If you have not heard of this online jewelry store before, you could get to know it better, because it may be very useful information for you. This store is one of the members of BBB (Better Business Bureau) and also the American Gem Trade Association. The two organizations are some of the icons of high quality associations of trade and business.

With these two outstanding memberships, Antique Jewelry Mall is able to provide you with millions of wedding jewelry, such as wedding pendants and necklaces. First of all, you know that financial condition is always concerned about by many people. Therefore, this online jewelry store tries to make this as their priority towards its customers. So, you will be able to find great selections of affordable jewelry. However, it is not over yet, you can get free shipping service for any kind purchase. And, it always comes with its beautiful box or packages. So, you can purchase it as a gift for your beloved people.

It also cannot be denied that jewelry shopping could be very annoying as the selections are a lot. Like on this online store, you could get wedding bands and mountings, bracelets, Brooches, Earrings, and many more. If you get confused, you can give them a call and talk to their customer services. They would be so happy to help you out. This store has achieved the highest five star “Top Service” ratings from their customers via Online Shopping. So, you will never regret with their liberal return policy and friendly customer service, plus affordable price of high quality jewelry. Then, we must Find Wedding Jewelry Perfect Place to Go Shopping before late. Hurry!!!

Brain training boosts working memory, but only in some people




When last we tackled the topic of brain training software, the prognosis did not look good. Although proponents of this software claim that it results in a general boost in mental performance, detailed testing failed to show this general effect, and for some topics, the software was bested by a trivia quiz. Now, a new study has revisited the topic, with its authors finding that some brain training can boost general performance—but only a specific type of exercise, and only among a subset of users.

The study builds off a well-established relationship between general reasoning and spatial memory. The ability to perform abstract reasoning and solve problems you've never seen before is termed fluid intelligence. It's not clear what provides the basic mental horsepower for this ability, but a number of studies have shown that performance in tests that stress fluid intelligence is related to a testee's working memory, which stores basic information for use without committing it to long-term memory. Working memory, for example, is where you hold intermediate sums when you're adding a large column of numbers.

Although we don't know whether it's possible to improve general reasoning, some studies have indicated that it is possible to boost working memory by taxing the system. So the authors created a set of simple games that emphasized working memory, and set a group of nine-year-old children on them.

These games forced the children to solve what the authors term "n-back" problems. In one example, the children were shown a pond in which a frog would appear at random on a number of lilly pads. As the frog vanished and reappeared, the kids would have to recall where it was had been previously. So, for example, the third time the frog showed up, the children would need to remember where it had been the first time. Continued exposure to these games should boost working memory performance. And, on average, it did, with scores improving over time.

On its own, however, this seemed to have a very limited impact on the performance of the children when they were given a test of fluid intelligence, with no statistically significant trend in performance. By this measure, brain training had failed.

But it hadn't, at least not entirely. The authors noted that the children who had undergone training saw variable boosts to their working memory, so they split the trained children into high- and low-improvement groups and reran the numbers. Now, a significant effect appeared: fluid intelligence improvements had occurred among the children who saw the biggest changes in working memory. Their lead over their control peers (who had played a vocabulary-focused game) persisted even after three months, although it shrank a bit over that time. In contrast, the ones who saw little improvement in working memory lagged both their trained peers and the control population.

"Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between improvement on the training task and improvement on [fluid intelligence]," the authors note, "suggesting that the greater the training gain, the greater the transfer."

What drove the difference between the two groups? The authors asked the children how they felt about the game, and found that both groups considered it enjoyable. But the ones who saw a boost considered it a fun challenge, while the ones who improved less tended to find it far too difficult, and ended up frustrated by it. Separating out cause and effect there would seem to be a nightmare—were they frustrated because they simply couldn't keep up with something beyond their abilities, or did their abilities not ramp up because of a general lack of interest?

In any case, it's important to emphasize that the authors tracked the improvements in working memory and fluid intelligence, not the absolute values. The high-improvement group ended up statistically no better off than their peers when it was all over. In fact, the kids who began with the highest fluid intelligence scores started off with higher working-memory scores, but ended up seeing less improvement with training. Thus, on some levels, it appears that training is simply leveling the playing field.

In the end, the study seems to have shown that brain training can work, but whether it will or not is highly sensitive to the type of training and the individual being trained. Those are pretty significant limitations, and we could probably benefit from having a better sense of what the limits of training are. As such, the author's conclusion—"Future research should not investigate whether brain training works" (emphasis theirs)—seems a bit premature. Yes, we should investigate the factors that influence how well it works, as the authors propose. But we could also benefit from learning more about when it's going to be effective at all.


Kamis, 16 Juni 2011

Wandering around


Well there is nothing special about this post, so you may just want to skip reading it and do other more useful things. It’s just about pictures of things that attracted my attention while I was wandering around a hotel. The hotel is located in one of the 17,000 islands belongs to the Indonesian people. If you know where it is and what the name of the hotel is, tell me, I’ll probably be able send you a book as a gift, as long as you live in one of those 17,000 islands.
The posting reminds me that wonderful things sometimes are just a few meters away from where we are now.



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